Cell ultrastructure and functions

• cell wall (give cells shape/structure)
• mitochondrion (site of aerobic respiration)
• chloroplast (site of photosynthesis)
• cell membrane (controls the entry and exit of substances)
• cytoplasm (site of chemical reactions)
• vacuole (keeps cells turgid and contains cell sap)
• nucleus (controls cells activities)
• ribosome (site of protein synthesis)
• plasmid (additional circular DNA found in bacteria)

Fungal structure

• Similar to plant and animal cells but with a different cell wall structure.

Bacteria structure

• Absence of organelles and a different cell wall structure to plant and fungal cells.
• Cell wall is made of cellulose in plant cells but of different materials in fungal and bacterial cells.

Calculating cell size

• Diameter / Number of cells across (if you need to covert from mm to µm, then x 1000).